Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. In studying jet propulsion, for example, the student might begin by considering the action involved in releasing air from a toy balloon and finish by taking part in a discussion of a complex gas turbine engine, Do not be afraid to omit "less important" information at first in order to simplify the learning process. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. Computer-aided information is particularly useful for aviation maintenance activities. By listing the criteria for the training objectives, the instructor has already established the completion standards normally included as part of the lesson plan, Use of training objectives also provides the student with a better understanding of the big picture, as well as knowledge of what is expected. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Keep in mind that it takes time to recall data, determine how to answer, or to think of an example, The more difficult the question, the more time the students need to answer. Furthermore, the skill or behavior described should be logical and within the overall instructional plan, Conditions are necessary to specifically explain the rules under which the skill or behavior is demonstrated. Charts, diagrams, and graphs are also in this category. The instructor provides the problem to the student, offering only limited assistance as the student solves it, but participating in finding solutions. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. The real world problem forces the student to analyze, evaluate, and make decisions about the procedures required, For the flight instructor, a good scenario tells a story that begins with a reason to fly because a pilots decisions differ depending on the motivation to fly. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. Many of them can be combined during the actual presentation.
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