Why are reproducibility and replicability important? Statistics Chapter 2. Dirty data can come from any part of the research process, including poor research design, inappropriate measurement materials, or flawed data entry. Failing to account for confounding variables can cause you to wrongly estimate the relationship between your independent and dependent variables. Cluster sampling is a probability sampling method in which you divide a population into clusters, such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some of these clusters as your sample. Exploratory research is a methodology approach that explores research questions that have not previously been studied in depth. Construct validity is often considered the overarching type of measurement validity. Between-subjects and within-subjects designs can be combined in a single study when you have two or more independent variables (a factorial design). Lastly, the edited manuscript is sent back to the author. Now, a quantitative type of variable are those variables that can be measured and are numeric like Height, size, weight etc. The scatterplot below was constructed to show the relationship between height and shoe size. Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Expert Answer 100% (2 ratings) Transcribed image text: Classify the data as qualitative or quantitative. Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings. In a between-subjects design, every participant experiences only one condition, and researchers assess group differences between participants in various conditions. Randomization can minimize the bias from order effects. There are seven threats to external validity: selection bias, history, experimenter effect, Hawthorne effect, testing effect, aptitude-treatment and situation effect. Categorical variables are those that provide groupings that may have no logical order, or a logical order with inconsistent differences between groups (e.g., the difference between 1st place and 2 second place in a race is not equivalent to .
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